MIDLAND EXAMINING GROUP1774

MIDLAND EXAMINING GROUP1774/1

General Certificate of Secondary Education

SCIENCE (SALTERS): DOUBLE AWARD

FOUNDATION TIER

PAPER 1

TIME 2 hours

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The marks allocated and the spaces provided for your answers are a good indication of the length of answer required.

A copy of the Periodic Table is available at the end of the question paper.

1 The ingredients in a fizzy drink are listed on the side of the can.

Choose a substance from the list that is

(a) a solid at room temperature,.............................................................. [1]

(b) a liquid at room temperature,.............................................................. [1]

(c) used to prevent the growth of bacteria,................................. [1]

(d) added to make the drink look more attractive........................[1]

2 There are a number of differences between racehorses and other horses. Some of these are shown in the diagram.

(a) Write down one labelled feature of this horse which could be passed on by breeding to the next generation.

................................................................................. [1]

(b) Write down one labelled feature of this horse which could not be passed on by breeding to the next generation.

................................................................................. [1]

Horses probably evolved over millions of years from smaller animals with short legs. One theory of how this happened was suggested by Darwin. Some of the main steps in this theory are shown below, but they are not in the correct order.

A long-legged horses can run faster to escape predators

B when long-legged horses breed, their offspring are more likely to have long legs

C when horses breed, some of their offspring have longer legs than others

D more long-legged horses than short-legged horses survive in the wild

E over many generations, horses' legs get longer

(c) Arrange the letters A, B, C, D and E to show the correct order of the stages.

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

A different theory was suggested by Lamarck. He suggested that during the life of each horse, as it ran away from predators, its legs were stretched. This acquired characteristic was then passed on to its offspring which would then start with longer legs than usual, which in turn would get stretched more.

(d) A horsebreeder bred from a pair of very long-legged horses for several years. Some of the foals had long legs, but others had shorter legs. State and explain which of the two theories (Darwin or Lamarck) best explains these results.

best theory:..............................................................................................................................

explanation:..............................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

3(a) During a Round The World boat race a boat crew ran out of drinking water. They made a simple apparatus to get pure water from sea water.

Complete the sentences to describe how the apparatus works.

Choose words from the list below.

Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

condensed diffused distilled evaporated oxygen salt

The sea water was heated in a pressure cooker. The water .............................. and turned to steam. Any impurities such as .............................. were left behind. The steam cooled and .............................. in the tubing. When water is purified like this, we say it has been .............................. [4]

(b) The fuel for the gas ring is a hydrocarbon called butane. Name the two substances formed when butane burns in a good supply of air.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

4 Different crops need soils of different pH.

(a) The table shows the best pH ranges for the growth of five crops.

(i) What does pH tell you?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) If the soil in a farmer's field is alkaline, which crop would grow best?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Describe how you could test the pH of a soil sample.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An indicator is used to test for acids and alkalis. It can be blue or yellow. The substances listed in the table were tested with this indicator.

The results of the tests are given in the table.

substance colour of indicator

nitric acid blue

lemon juice blue

washing-up liquid yellow

milk yellow

Use these results to complete the sentences.

The indicator colour in acid solution is......................................................................

Lemon juice is an....................................................................................................................

Milk is an.......................................................................................................................... [3]

5 An old wall has been covered up by soil.

A gardener wants to find out where it is.

The soil above the old wall is drier than normal.

Dry soil will not conduct electricity as well as wet soil.

The gardener used the apparatus shown to test the soil.

(a) Redraw this circuit using symbols.

Select the symbols you need from the following list. [4]

(b) (i) How can this apparatus be used to find out how damp the soil is?

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) How would the gardener know when the apparatus was above the wall?

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

6 (a) A girl had an accident at school and was taken to hospital for an X-ray of her ankle.

(i) Explain why the radiographer stood behind the wall of concrete and lead to operate the machine.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why it was important for the shield to be used.

...................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why a developed X-ray film shows a difference between bone and muscle.

......................................................................................................................................................

........................................... [2]

(b) The radiographer wears a special badge. The side view of the badge is shown below.

Why does the radiographer wear this type of badge?

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) State one other method, apart from X-rays, which can be used to see inside the body without surgery. Give one example of its use.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) Most of the ionising radiation we receive comes from natural sources.

(i) State one natural source of ionising radiation.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Name a piece of apparatus which could be used to measure this radiation.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

7 The diagram shows an astronaut on the Moon wearing a spacesuit.

(a) Name one part of the spacesuit which helps to keep the astronaut cool. Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Name a gas which must be supplied to the astronaut.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Which process in the body uses this gas?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

8 Modern ships are able to communicate with each other by radio signals.

Unfortunately the radio in the ship X has broken down.

(a) Complete the table below to show two ways in which ship X could communicate with ship Y.

For each method of communication state which one of our senses would be involved.

method of communication | sense involved

| [4]

(b) The two ships moved 40km apart. Explain why the ships would now be unable to communicate.

......................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Adinghy is launched from ship X to pick up an object seen floating in the sea. It rows steadily away from the ship, stops for a short while to pick up the object, then rows back again.

(i) Which of the time-distance graphs describes what has happened?

graph...........................[1]

The dinghy rows from the ship to the object at a steady speed.

(ii) State the formula which links speed, journey time and distance travelled.

................................. [1]

(iii) The dinghy moves at a speed of 1.5m/s and it takes 80 seconds to reach the floating object.

Calculate the distance of the object from the ship.

......................................................................................................................................................

answer:..............................................................................................................................m [2]

9 Successful weight lifters show special characteristics.

(a) Weight lifters can improve some of these characteristics.

(i) Using the figure, name one characteristic which can be improved.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Suggest how this characteristic can be improved.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Some of these characteristics are inherited. State two characteristics which are inherited.

1....................................................................................................................................................

2............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Inherited characteristics are carried in sperm and egg cells.

(i) Name the parts labelled A, B and C.

A......................................................................................................................................

B......................................................................................................................................

C.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) Which part of these cells carries information on inherited characteristics?

part...................................................................................................................................... [1]

10 Bronchitis is an infection of the bronchial tubes which lead to the lungs.

(a)

What general pattern is shown by this information? [1] (b) The diagrams show the effects of cigarette smoke on small hairs called cilia in the bronchial tubes.

(i) What effect does cigarette smoke have on the movement of mucus?

...........................................................................................[1]

(ii) Suggest why smokers tend to cough more than non-smokers.

......................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Smokers are sometimes short of breath. Suggest how smoking affects the lungs to cause this.

........................................ [2]

(c) We take air into our bodies so that we can respire.

(i) Where does respiration take place?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Why do we respire?

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

11 Your skin plays a vital role in protecting you from infection and in controlling your temperature. The diagram shows a section through human skin.

(a) Name two places on the diagram where bacteria might gain entry.

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) (i) Name the body defence system which recognises that bacteria are not part of the body and should be destroyed.

................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the body can react more quickly to infection if it has been previously infected by the same type of bacteria.

......................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Some of the structures shown help to control body temperature. For each one listed below, explain how it responds to cold conditions, and how this response helps to keep the body warm.

(i) sweat glands....................................................................................................

(ii) hair....................................................................................................................

(iii) blood capillaries.......................................................................................... [6]

(d) 'Signals' to control responses in the skin may be sent either by the nervous system or by the hormone system. Describe the main differences in the way these two systems work.

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

12 When a new small town was built, two different schemes to supply energy were considered.

(see diagrams on next page)

(a) Which fossil fuel provides the energy for heating in:

scheme 1........................................................ scheme 2........................................................[1]

(b) Complete the table below.

total power needed total input power in MW

by the town in MW

scheme 1 300

scheme 2 300 [1]

(c) The efficiency of a power station is measured using the formula

useful output (in MW)

efficiency = ------------------ x 100

input (in MW)

The answer is in the form of a percentage (%).

Use this formula to calculate the efficiency of the power station in scheme 2. Your answer should be correct to the nearest whole number.

......................................................... [2]

(d) Suggest a reason why power stations are not 100% efficient. ...................................................... [1]

13 Statues and parts of buildings made from limestone may be damaged by acid rain. Laboratory experiments can be used to investigate the reaction between acids and limestone.

In one experiment, 1g of small limestone chips were dissolved by adding just enough hydrochloric acid to dissolve them completely. The gas given off was collected. The rate of formation of gas, and the total amount formed were measured.

(a) What gas is given off when limestone dissolves in hydrochloric acid?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) In a second experiment, the same amount of the same acid solution was added to
1g of powdered limestone.

Use words from the following list to complete the sentence below.

faster slower larger smaller the same

The rate at which gas was given off was........................................................................

and the total amount collected was.......................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain why it was necessary to do both of these experiments at the same temperature to ensure a fair test.

...................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Use ideas about particles to explain why flour dust sometimes causes explosions, even though wheat grains do not easily catch fire. [3]

14 Motor car bodies, and other things made from iron or steel, can be damaged by rusting.

(a) Why is rusting of iron described as a chemical change?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A scientist collected information about the rate at which iron rusts.

Information was taken in places which have different annual rainfalls.

test site A B C D E

annual rainfall in mm 425 570 600 900 1000

corrosion rate in units 80 100 110 150 180

Using the grid, plot the values of corrosion rate against annual rainfall and draw a suitable line to complete the graph. The first point has been plotted for you.[3]

(c) Use the graph to describe how corrosion is linked to annual rainfall.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) (i) Suggest one other factor which may affect the rate of corrosion.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain how this factor would affect the rate of corrosion.

......................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) A new paint is said to 'protect against rusting'. Briefly describe an experiment you could do to test this, given some nails and a sample of the paint. [3]

15 Elements with similar properties are placed close together in the Periodic Table.

The positions of some of the elements in the Periodic Table are shown below. Their names and symbols have been given. The positions of five other elements, represented by the numbers (1) to (6), are also given.

Which of the elements numbered (1) to (6) matches each of the descriptions given below?

(a) A very reactive, soft metal which reacts violently with water.

.............................................. [1]

(b) A reactive, gaseous non-metal which is used as a bleach.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) A transition metal.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

16 The diagram shows a cross-section through a gas cooker.

Use examples involving the gas cooker to explain the meaning of the terms conduction, convection, and radiation.

......................................................................................................................................................

[6]