1.       F/H

What happens to rays of light passing through prisms

they change direction - white light will split up into separate colours

2.       F/H

Draw a ray diagram to show what happens to a ray of light through a prism

3.       F/H

What do we call the colours produced when white light is passed through a prism

spectrum

4.       F/H

How many colours is white light made of?

7

5.       F/H

Prisms split white light into colours because they refract the different colours in white light by different amounts - they refract red the most, and violet the least - true or false?

not quite true - red is refracted the least and violet the most

6.       F/H

Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation - similar to sound  - true or false

true - it's e/m radiation - but false - NOT like sound

7.       F/H

The different members of the e/m spectrum differ from one another by different speeds through space - true or false?

false - travel at the same speed in space

8.       F/H

name the e/m spectrum in order starting with Gamma radiation

Gamma, X-rays, Ultra-violet, Visible, Infra-red, micro waves, Radio waves

9.       F/H

Fill the gaps in the this sentence:  Different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are r________, absorbed or transmitted differently by different s_________ and types of s__________.

reflected, substances, surfaces

10.   F/H

When radiation is absorbed the energy it carries can have 2 effects – descibe them:

F/H

(a)

makes the substance which absorbs it hotter;

F/H

(b)

may create an alternating current with the same frequency as the radiation itself.

11.   F/H

Explain how radio waves can send  transmit radio and TV programmes between distant points despite the curvature of the Earth's surface.

Longer wavelength radio waves are reflected from an electrically charged layer in the Earth's upper atmosphere.

12.   F/H

How are microwaves used by the satellite industry?

Microwave radiation of wavelengths which can pass easily through the Earth's atmosphere is used to send information to and from satellites.

13.   F/H

Explain how micro waves can be used to cook food

Microwave radiation, with wavelengths strongly absorbed by water molecules.

14.   F/H

List some uses of infra-red radiation (can you think of 4 uses?)

grills, toasters and radiant heaters, in optical fibre communication and for the remote control of TV sets and VCRs.

15.   F/H

What is an endoscope?

Light sent along optical fibres- used by doctors to see inside patients' bodies.

16.   F/H

What are the advantages of sending light down optical fibres - compared to sending electrical signals down cables?

More information can be carried than by sending electrical signals through cables of the same diameter. There is also less weakening of the signal in optical fibres.

17.   F/H

How is UV radiation used?

Sunbeds, also special coatings which absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit the energy as light, are used in fluorescent lamps and security coding.

18.   F/H

What property of X-rays allows them to be used in hospitals?

used to produce shadow pictures of materials which X-rays do not easily pass through, including bones and metals;

19.   F/H

List three uses of Gamma radiation:

kill harmful bacteria in food, sterilise surgical instruments, kill cancer cells

20.   F/H

Describe how the following have different effects on living cells:

F/H

(a) microwaves

* microwaves are absorbed by the water in cells, which may be damaged or killed by the heat released;

F/H

(b) infra red

* infra red radiation is absorbed by skin and is felt as heat;

F/H

(c) Ultra violet

* ultra violet radiation can pass through skin to deeper tissues. The darker the skin, the more ultra violet it absorbs and the less reaches deeper tissues;

F/H

(d) X-radiation

* X-radiation and gamma radiation mostly passes through soft tissues, but some is absorbed by the cells.

F/H

(e) Gamma

High doses of ultra violet radiation, X-radiation and gamma radiation can kill normal cells. Lower doses of these types of radiation can cause normal cells to become cancerous.

21.   F/H

Sounds are produced when objects v________.

vibrate

22.   F/H

The greater the a_______ the louder the sound

amplitude

23.   F/H

The number of complete vibrations each second is called the f_______, it is measured in H______-.  The higher the f________ the higher the p_______

frequency, hertz, frequency, pitch

24.   F/H

draw traces as they would appear on an oscilloscope screen for:

F/H

(a) A low pitch sound

F/H

(b) A high pitch sound

F/H

(c ) A loud sound

F/H

(d) A quiet sound

25.   F/H

Vibrations can be used to produce u_________ waves which have a frequency higher than the upper limit of the hearing range for humans.

Ultra-sonic or ultra-sounds

26.   F/H

Name two uses for Ultra sounds

in industry for cleaning and for quality control; in medicine for pre-natal scanning.

27.   H

Describe the idea that is used in industry to detect flaws in metal castings and in medicine for pre-natal scans

Ultrasonic waves are partly reflected when they meet a boundary between two different media.  The  time taken for the reflections of ultrasonic pulses to reach a detector (usually placed near to the source) is a measure of how far away such a boundary is.

28.   H

What is the advantage of using Ultrasonic waves in liquids for cleaning delicate mechanisms?

they do not need to be dissassembled

29.   H

Our knowledge  of the structure of the Earth comes  mainly from studying  the shockwaves from earthquakes called ___________ waves that are detected using s_______

Seismic, seismographs.

30.   H

Descibe the speed and nature of P waves  - also what can they travel through?

faster travelling P waves, which are longitudinal and travel through liquids as well as solids;

31.   H

Descibe the speed and nature of S waves  - also what can they travel through?

slower travelling S waves, which are transverse and travel only through solids.

32.   H

(a) Do they travel faster or slower through more dense material?  (b)  do they travel in straight or curved paths?  (c ) explain the above (d) what happens when the density changes abruptly?

faster, The waves travel in curved paths when the density of changes gradually through a material. When the density changes abruptly e.g. when moving from solid to liquid, the wave direction also changes abruptly

33.   H

What do the above observations suggest about the structure of the Earth?

layered structure

34.   H

thick or thin crust?

thin

35.   H

Has the Earth a viscous or runny mantle?  How does the density of the mantle change with depth?

an extremely viscous mantle whose density increases with depth and which extends almost halfway to the centre of the Earth;

36.   H

describe the Earth's core

core, with just over half of the Earth's diameter, the outer part of which is liquid and the inner part of which is solid.

37.   H

Sketch diagrams of the paths of seismic waves inside the Earth to show the effect of:

H

(a) the liquid nature of the Earth's outer core:

S waves cannot travel through - but P waves can

H

(b) refraction at the boundaries between layers

paths show abrupt changes in direction

H

(c ) refraction due to change in density within a particular layer

curved paths