MODULE mod7A mod7B mod7C mod7D mod7E mod7F mod7G mod7H mod7I mod7J mod7K mod7L mod8A mod8B mod8C mod8D mod8E mod8F mod8G mod8H mod8I mod8J mod8K mod8L mod9A mod9B mod9C mod9D mod9E mod9F mod9G mod9H mod9I mod9J mod9K mod9L 9ba1
9Ba1 How fit are you?
Name _____________________________ Class ____________
How quickly do your pulse and breathing rates return to normal after exercise?
How quickly your pulse and breathing rates return to normal after exercise gives a measure of how fit your heart and lungs are. The quicker the rates return to normal the fitter you are.
Apparatus
- Stopclock - Pulse sensor and finger probe (optional)
- Datalogger (optional) - Breathing sensor and chest strap (optional)
Method
1 Sit still and measure your resting pulse rate (in beats per minute) and resting breathing rate (in breaths per minute). One breath is when you breathe in and out again. You can do this by counting or using a datalogger. Write down these rates.
2 Either run on the spot or lift a 1 kg mass and lower it continuously for 30 seconds.
3 As soon as you have finished your exercise measure your breathing rate for 1 minute whilst your partner measures your pulse rate.
4 Continue measuring your pulse and breathing rates every other minute until they are the same as they were before you did the exercise. Remember to record all your results.
Recording your results
Record your results below:
Resting pulse rate = __________________ beats per minute.
Resting breathing rate = __________________ breaths per minute.
Time after finishing exercise (min)
Pulse rate (beats per minute)
Breathing rate (breaths per minute)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Considering your results/conclusions
Plot a line graph for each set of results on these axes.
Pulse rate.
Breathing rate.
How many minutes did it take for your pulse and breathing rates to return to normal after exercise?
Pulse rate took ___________________ minutes.
Breathing rate took ___________________ minutes.
Compare your results with others in the class.
Who do you think is the fittest person in the class? _____________________________________
Why do you think this? ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
[ observing, considering ]
9Ba2 Fitness tests
You are going to carry out some activities to measure different aspects of your fitness.
- Fat callipers - Bathroom scales marked in newtons
Experiment A: Body fat
The thickness of a skinfold gives an indication of how much body fat a person has. There are many different parts of the body you can measure like this. In this experiment, you are going to measure the thickness of a skinfold in the upper arm.
1 Gently pinch your partner's skin between your thumb and finger in the position shown.
2 Place the callipers around the skinfold at a depth of about 1cm and measure the thickness in millimetres.
3 Repeat the measurement twice more, leaving 15 seconds between each reading. Calculate the mean (average) thickness by adding the three numbers together and dividing the answer by 3.
Record your results in the table below.
Part of body
Thickness of skinfold (mm)
Mean (mm)
upper arm
Considering your results/conclusion
Using the chart below decide whether you are lean, below average, average, above average or overfat.
Upper arm skinfold measurement (mm)
Boys
Girls
lean
below 6
below 8
below average
6-8
8-11
average
8-15
11-20
above average
15-23
20-25
overfat
above 23
above 25
My skinfold measurement tells me that I am _________________________ .
Experiment B: Muscle strength
1 Hold a set of bathroom scales that are marked in newtons in front of your head and squeeze them as hard as possible.
2 Record the force that you put on the scales.
The force my hands exerted on the scales was __________________ newtons.
How does this compare with other members of your class or your teacher?
9Ba3 Sport and you
All of us are different shapes and sizes. Some sports are more suited to some people than others because of these differences in body shape. To find out a good sport for you to do you need to know some things about your body.
1 How tall are you in centimetres?
2 What is your mass in kilograms?
3 The graphs below show the mean (average) masses for various heights. Are you above, below or about the mean mass for your height?
(Remember, these are means and so few people will be exactly 'average'.)
4 If you know your mass and height you can get an approximate idea of your surface area. That is how much skin you have. On the chart below line up your mass and your height with a ruler. Your surface area is where the ruler crosses the central line. What is your surface area?
5 Look at the table.
Body type
Good sports
Poor sports
tall
basketball, cricket, fencing, netball, volleyball
jockey, weight-lifting
heavy
rugby, weight-lifting
distance running, jockey, synchronised swimming
a What sort of body do you think a jockey should have?
b Which of these sports do you think you are most suited to?
c Name one more sport that being heavy is good for.
d Fitness is made up of four S-factors: suppleness, strength, speed and stamina. Write down which S-factor you think is the most important for each sport.
6 The graph shows the masses and heights of various athletes at the Olympics. If you were an Olympic athlete which sport do you think you would be best at? Explain your reasoning.
[ knowledge, considering ]
9Ba4 Organ systems
1 The diagrams show the main organs in the different organ systems that are important when you exercise. Label the organs on the diagrams.
2 Complete the table below to list the main organs in each system and the function (job) of the system.
System
Main organs
Function
respiratory (or breathing)
digestive
circulatory
skeletal
3 There are seven organ systems altogether. Name one other system apart from the ones mentioned above.
__________________________________________________________________________
[ knowledge,literacy, revision ]
9Ba5 Active systems
Every cell in your body needs energy. Energy is released from glucose in a process called aerobic respiration. This is the word equation:
oxygen + glucose → water + carbon dioxide (+ energy)
For all your cells to be able to respire, three organ systems need to be working well: the respiratory (or breathing) system, the digestive system and the circulatory system. Using the information and the diagram on this sheet, write two or three paragraphs to clearly explain how your cells get the raw materials that they need to respire. Use as many scientific words as you can.
[ knowledge, literacy ]
9Ba6 Sports survey
1 Plan and carry out a survey to find out what sports teenagers do on a regular basis (once a week or more).
- What questions will you need to ask?
- Who will you ask?
- Will you collect separate data for boys and girls?
2 Also find out how many hours of exercise students in Year 9 do per week. Calculate the percentage of pupils who do 0-2 hours per week, 2-4 hours per week, and so on.
3 You could also find out why different people choose to do different activities. Is it anything to do with the four S-factors or are there other reasons?
4 When you have collected your information display it in bar charts or pie charts. Remember to show information for those people who don't do any sport.
[ presenting, considering ]
9Ba7 S-factors
The table below shows how well different sports develop the four S-factors.
Sport
Suppleness
Strength
Stamina
Speed
hiking
*
**
***
jogging
****
disco dancing
hard cycling
swimming
weight training
gymnastics
football
tennis
Key
* little effect **good *** very good ****excellent
1 Which of these sports would be the best to develop all round fitness? Explain your answer.
2 Which sports would be the best to develop faster reaction times?
3 Which sports would be the best to develop your strength?
4 What activities would you suggest for the following people?
a a Year 9 girl who hates sports
b a middle-aged man who has recently recovered from a heart attack
c a 30-year-old woman who fractured her femur (thigh bone) and has recently had her plaster cast removed.
5 Design a fitness programme for a tennis player who is preparing to play tennis at Wimbledon in one month's time.
- Think of all the skills a tennis player needs.
- You may need to find out more information from magazines or a sports centre before you write your final programme.
[ considering, knowledge, research ]
9Bb1 Breathing air
You are going to find out how much air you breathe in and out in each minute.
- Clean piece of tubing - Empty fizzy drink bottle (1 litre)
- Large bowl of water - Measuring cylinder
- Permanent marker - Stopclock
1 Take the bottle and using the measuring cylinder, put 50 cm3 of water in it.
2 Mark a line where the water level is. Label the line 50 cm3.
3 Add another 50 cm3 of water. Mark a line labelled 100 cm3 along the new water level.
4 Carry on doing this until the markings reach 500 cm3.
5 Place the bottle into the bowl of water and make sure it is completely full of water.
6 Get your partner to turn the bottle upside down in the water without letting any water come out of it. Lift the bottle so that the open end does not go above the surface of the water.
7 Place one end of the tubing inside the bottle.
8 Do not take a big breath! Hold your nose and breathe out normally through the tube.
9 The volume of air that collects in the bottle is the volume that you normally breathe in each breath.
10 Do the experiment three times and then let your partner do it, using a clean tube.
Record your results in this table.
First time you did the experiment
Second time you did the experiment
Third time you did the experiment
Mean
volume of air breathed out (cm3)
Count how many breaths you take in 1 minute. Write it down. ________________________
Now work out the volume of air that you breathe in and out in 1 minute. Show your working.
Volume of air in 1 minute = _______________________________________________________ .
Now try to work out the volume of air that you breathe in and out in a day. Show your working.
Volume of air in 1 day = _________________________________________________________ .
If you did no exercise, how much air would you expect to breathe in and out in a year? Show your working.
Volume of air in 1 year = _________________________________________________________ .
Why would you expect to breathe more air in and out than this in a year?
Find out some of the results from others in your class. Why do you think the amounts breathed in and out vary between people?
9Bb10 Vitamins
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947) was an English scientist who is known as the father of British biochemistry, the chemistry of living things.
In 1906-1907 Hopkins performed a series of experiments in which he fed mice a diet of fat, carbohydrate, protein and mineral salts. At the time, it was believed that as long as an animal ate enough energy-providing food it would be healthy and grow. Hopkins' experiments proved this to be wrong. The mice that were fed this diet eventually stopped growing, but when they were given the same diet plus a small amount of milk they began to grow again.
After years of careful experiments he published his findings in 1912. He concluded that certain substances, that he called accessory food factors, were missing from the artificial diet. They were only needed in small amounts, but they were essential for growth. These were later called vitamins.
Around the same time a Dutch scientist, Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930), discovered how to cure and prevent the disease beriberi. This disease was common in south and east Asia. Beriberi affects the nerves and causes pain, paralysis and swelling in the limbs. Eijkman found that he could cause the disease in chickens by feeding them a diet of hulled and polished rice. This is rice that has had the outer layers removed from the grains. By feeding the chickens a diet of whole grain rice he could cure them of the disease. He believed that the grain contained a poison that was neutralised by the outer layer. It was Hopkins who realised that beriberi was another deficiency disease caused by a lack of a certain vitamin in the diet. It was not until the 1930s that the vitamin was identified as being vitamin B1 (thiamine). Hopkins and Eijkman shared the 1929 Nobel Prize for physiology for their work.
1 What is biochemistry?
2 a Briefly describe Hopkins' experiments with mice.
b What control experiments would he have set up?
c What conclusions did he make?
d Why do you think it took so long before he published his findings?
3 a What is beriberi and what are its symptoms?
b What causes beriberi?
c How can beriberi be cured?
d What conclusion did Eijkman draw from his experiments?
e Why do you think both Eijkman and Hopkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1929?
9Bb2 How much vitamin C?
You are going to investigate whether cooking affects the amount of vitamin C in a food.
Prediction
Write down whether you think cooking will affect the amount of vitamin C in lemon juice.
- Dropping pipette - Lemon juice
- DCPIP solution - 5 cm3 syringe
- Three test tubes - Stopclock and rack
- Eye protection - Boiling tube and holder
- Heating apparatus (see below)
1 Use the syringe to add 1 cm3 of DCPIP to a test tube.
2 Use the dropping pipette to add unheated lemon juice, one drop at a time until the blue colour disappears. Count and write down the number of drops you add.
3 Set up the heating apparatus. Label its parts on the diagram below.
4 Take the boiling tube and add lemon juice to about 2 cm in depth. When the water in the beaker is boiling, place the boiling tube in it using the tube holder. Start timing.
5 Use the syringe to add 1 cm3 of DCPIP to a test tube.
6 After 5 minutes, take the boiling tube out of the water and let it cool down for 10 minutes.
7 Use the dropping pipette to remove some of the lemon juice. Add it one drop at a time until the blue colour disappears. Record the number of drops you have added.
8 Place the boiling tube into the water again and boil for a further 5 minutes.
9 Repeat steps 5 to 7.
Treatment given to lemon juice
Number of drops taken for blue colour to disappear
unheated
boiled for 5 minutes
boiled for 10 minutes
Which lemon juice did you need to add the most drops of to make the blue colour disappear?
The more drops needed to make the blue colour disappear, the less vitamin C in each drop.
Which lemon juice contained the least vitamin C? _______________________________________
Which lemon juice contained the most vitamin C? _______________________________________
Explain why some people think that raw carrots are better for you than cooked ones.
9Bb3 Smoking machine
Look carefully at the apparatus set up for this demonstration.
1 Your teacher will first run the apparatus without a cigarette. When the pump is switched on fresh air is drawn through the apparatus for a few minutes.
2 Record the temperature and the colours of the glass wool, universal indicator solution and limewater in the table below.
3 Your teacher will then attach a cigarette to the apparatus and light it. As the cigarette burns down repeat your observations.
Fresh air
Cigarette smoke
temperature (°C)
colour of glass wool
colour of universal indicator solution
colour of limewater
What was the difference in temperature between fresh air and cigarette smoke?
What effect might this have on the cells lining the tubes leading to the lungs?
What collected on the glass wool? ___________________________________________________
What effect can this have on the body? _______________________________________________
What does the colour change of the universal indicator solution show?
What does the colour change of the limewater show?
Why was fresh air drawn through the apparatus first? ___________________________________
9Bb4 Smoking
Smokers are three times more likely to get heart disease.
9 out of 10 people with lung cancer are smokers.
25% of people who take up smoking, die from it.
Most smokers live 10-15 years less than non-smokers.
100 000 people per year die from diseases caused by smoking, like cancer, heart disease, emphysema and bronchitis.
Number of cigarettes smoked per day
Increase in chance of getting cancer compared to a non-smoker
5
× 4
× 8
15
× 12
20
× 16
Smoke contains all of these poisonous gases.
Discussion questions
1 Why is smoking less acceptable now than it was in the early 1970s?
2 What health warnings are found on cigarette packets?
3 Why is smoking not allowed in many public places now?
4 Why is it illegal for people under the age of 16 to buy cigarettes?
9Bb5 Breathing
1 Label the diagram with the following words.
diaphragm lungs rib muscles ribs windpipe
This drawing shows the respiratory system and some of the bones in the chest
2 Complete the following sentences using the words from the box:
bigger contract inhalation
exhalation diaphragm rib relax
Breathing in is called _______________ . Breathing out is called _______________ .
Breathing is brought about by two sets of muscles, the _______________ muscles found
between the ribs and the_______________ , which separates the chest from the body below.
When you inhale the muscles _______________ and make the volume inside the chest
_______________ so air moves into the lungs.
When you exhale the muscles _______________ , and the volume inside the chest becomes
smaller, so air is forced out of the lungs.
3 Complete this table, showing what happens when you breathe.
Breathing in or out
Do the ribs move in or out?
Does the diaphragm move up or down?
Does the air have more or less carbon dioxide in it?
breathing in (inhaling)
breathing out (exhaling)
9Bb6 Smoking crossword
Use the clues below to complete the crossword.
1
3
7
9
ACROSS
1 & 2 down. Gas found in cigarette smoke that stops the blood carrying so much oxygen.
4 Tiny hairs on cells in the lungs. They stop working in smokers.
6 Addictive chemical found in cigarette smoke that causes arteries to narrow.
7 Age at which you can buy cigarettes.
9 Any chemical that has an effect on the body.
DOWN
1 Disease caused by smoking.
2 See 1 across.
3 Smoking costs a lot of this.
5 Organs that take in air.
8 Black chemical found in cigarette smoke that causes cancer.
9Bb7 Well ventilated
1 Look at the diagram on the right. Write down the name of the part corresponding to each letter.
Drawing A. Drawing B.
a Which drawing, A or B, shows someone inhaling?
b What happens to the parts labelled X when someone inhales?
c What moves these parts?
d What is part Y called?
e What happens to the part labelled Y when someone exhales?
3 This model can be used to show what happens when you breathe.
a In the model, which part of the respiratory system is represented by:
i the rubber sheet
ii the balloons
iii the tube at the top?
b Write two short paragraphs to explain how this model works.
c This model shows how the lungs can be ventilated. What is the difference between ventilation and breathing?
1. Rubber sheet is pulled down.
2. Air goes in.
3. Air fills up the balloons.
1. Rubber goes back up.
2. Air goes out.
3. Balloon deflates.
9Bb8 Smoking and health
1 The drawings show some 'hairs' that grow from cells in the lungs.
A
B
a What are these 'hairs' called?
b What do they do?
c Which diagram shows cells from a smoker's lung?
d How can you tell?
e What problems do smokers have when these 'hairs' are affected?
2 a Name one disease that is caused by smoking.
b What part of cigarette smoke causes this disease?
c What is the name of the addictive chemical in cigarette smoke?
d This chemical can cause arteries to narrow. Explain what problems this might cause.
e Carbon monoxide is also found in cigarette smoke. What is the effect of this gas?
3 This letter was received recently by a magazine's agony aunt. How would you reply to it?
[ knowledge ]
9Bb9 Smoking-related illnesses
The table below shows the incidence of fatal diseases in male smokers and non-smokers in the UK.
Number of deaths per 100 000 men per year
Fatal disease
Non-smoker
Cigarette smoker
lung cancer
14
209
upper respiratory system cancers, e.g. throat cancer
24
bladder cancer
13
30
cancer of the pancreas
16
35
heart disease
392
582
aortic aneurysm (a weakening of the wall of the main artery leaving the heart)
62
obstructive lung diseases
127
stroke
152
203
pneumonia
71
138
1 Plot a bar chart to compare the number of deaths of smokers and non-smokers caused by the fatal diseases listed in the table.
2 a What is the total number of deaths per 100 000 men per year from lung cancer?
b What percentage of these deaths are smokers?
c There are approximately 23 million males over the age of 16 in the UK. Estimate the number of men who die from lung cancer each year in the UK.
3 a What percentage of the deaths from pneumonia occur in smokers?
b Explain why smokers are more likely than non-smokers to become infected with pneumonia.
4 a Which disease is the most common cause of death in both smokers and non-smokers?
b Explain why smoking increases the risk of this disease.
c The death rate due to this illness is high in the non-smoking population. Suggest factors, other than smoking, that cause this illness.
[ knowledge, numeracy ]
9Bc1 Looking at a sheep's heart
1 Look carefully at the sheep's heart. Can you find the following structures?
- coronary arteries (which supply the heart muscle)
- large blood vessels
- the two atria
- the two ventricles.
2 Draw a sketch showing the shape of the heart and the positions of blood vessels.
3 a How are the atria different from the ventricles?
b Why do you think this is?
4 Using a large sharp knife cut the heart open across the ventricles.
a Which has the thicker wall, the right or the left ventricle?
5 How is the heart suited to its job of pumping blood around the body?
9Bc10 Units of alcohol
The government recommends that men should not drink more than 21 units of alcohol per week and women should not drink more than 14 units per week.
The number of units of alcohol in a drink can be calculated using the following equation:
number of units = volume of drink (cm3) x % alcohol concentration
1000
1 Using this equation calculate the number of units in each of the following drinks:
a a 125 cm3 glass of wine
b a 25 cm3 measure of gin
c a 25 cm3 measure of vodka
d a 330 cm3 bottle of lager
e a 40 cm3 measure of vermouth.
The effect of one unit of alcohol on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is different in different people, depending on their age, sex and body size. On average, one unit of alcohol increases the BAC by 15 mg/100 cm3.
The legal limit for driving in the UK is 80mg/100 cm3.
2 a What does BAC stand for?
b Calculate how much each of the drinks listed in question 1 would increase the blood alcohol concentration by.
c If a man drank two bottles of lager and two glasses of wine what would his blood alcohol concentration be? Use the average figure given above to work your answer out.
d Would he be above or below the legal limit for driving?
e If a smaller person drank the same amount of alcohol how do you think this would effect their blood alcohol concentration?
9Bc2 Antagonistic muscle action 1
You are going to make a model to show how the biceps and triceps muscles work to bend and straighten the arm.
- String - Card
- Scissors - Glue
- Butterfly clip - Worksheet 9Bc/3
- Something to make a hole with (pair of compasses)
1 Stick Worksheet 9Bc/3 onto fairly rigid card.
2 Cut out both shapes along the solid lines.
3 Using something sharp, like a pair of compasses, make holes at the positions marked 1, 2 and P on both shapes.
4 Attach the pieces at point P using a paper fastener (butterfly clip). Check that the pieces can move freely.
5 Cut 2 pieces of string at least 15 cm long.
6 Tie a knot in one end of each piece of string and thread through the holes as shown on the diagram. The knots should be at the 'elbow' end of the model.
Your final model should look like the one below.
1 Which muscle does string 1 represent?
2 Which muscle does string 2 represent?
3 What happens when you pull string 1?
4 What happens when you pull string 2?
[ observing, knowledge ]
9Bc3 Antagonistic muscle action 2
9Bc4 Alcohol quiz
1 Read each of the statements about alcohol and mark whether you think it is true or false.
2 Write any other related information that you know in the box below each statement.
Alcohol is produced by yeast cells.
True
False
Alcohol is poisonous.
You cannot become addicted to alcohol.
A pint of beer contains 1 unit of alcohol.
A glass of wine contains 1 unit of alcohol.
You can buy alcohol when you are 16 years old.
The legal limit for driving is 100 mg of alcohol in 100 cm3 of blood.
Alcohol makes you react more quickly.
Alcohol makes you more relaxed.
Too much alcohol can damage the liver.
Alcohol affects all people in exactly the same way.
Women react more quickly to alcohol than men.
9Bc5 Muscles and moving
1 Use the words in the box to complete the sentences below.
contract joints pairs pull relax respiration
Muscles are used to move the bones at ____________________ . Muscles can only
____________________ , they cannot push and so they are often found in
____________________ . As a muscle pulls a bone, the muscle gets shorter and fatter. It is
said to ____________________ . When it gets thinner again it is said to
____________________. Muscles need energy to work. Muscle cells release energy by using
____________________ .
2 a On the drawing below label a muscle and a bone.
b Where in the body is this joint found? _______________________________________
c What do tendons connect together? _________________________________________
d Cartilage is a slippery substance found on the ends of bones in joints.
What do you think the job of cartilage is? ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9Bc6 Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse is when someone regularly drinks too much alcohol. This can cause serious health problems.
Alcohol is poisonous and it damages nerve cells in the brain and can kill liver cells. It also affects the stomach and can cause a person to be sick. Over a period of time alcohol can cause stomach ulcers.
An alcoholic is someone who is addicted to alcohol. Many alcoholics die of a disease called cirrhosis (pronounced 'sir-O-sis') of the liver.
Pregnant women who drink too much alcohol risk causing damage to the brain and liver of their baby, as well as slowing down how quickly it grows. This is why babies of alcoholic women have a low birth mass.
1 What is alcohol abuse?
2 Name three organs that can be damaged by alcohol.
3 What is an alcoholic?
4 What disease do many alcoholics die of?
5 a Why do alcoholic women often give birth to babies that are smaller than normal?
b Which organs of a developing baby may be damaged if the mother drinks too much alcohol when she is pregnant?
9Bc7 Blood alcohol concentration
Nick went to a party and had too much to drink. The table shows the concentration of alcohol in Nick's blood during and after the party.
Time
Concentration of alcohol in Nick's blood (mg/100 cm3 )
8 pm
9 pm
50
10 pm
90
11 pm
135
midnight
180
1 am
210
2 am
195
3 am
4 am
165
5 am
150
6 am
1 Plot the data on the grid below as a line graph.
2 Around what time did Nick stop drinking? ________________________________________
3 By how much did his blood alcohol concentration fall each hour after he stopped drinking?
___________________________________________________________________________
4 Extend the line on your graph and state the time at which Nick's alcohol concentration would
be zero again. ______________________________________________________________
5 The legal limit for driving in the UK is 80 mg/100 cm3 of blood.
Nick got up and drove to work at 8 am the following morning.
a What would his blood alcohol concentration have been then?
b Should he have driven to work? Explain your answer.
6 At what time could Nick have legally driven to work?
9Bc8 Heart disease
In the United Kingdom about 25% of deaths of all women and 30% of deaths of all men are due to heart disease. Unlike many diseases, there are many different causes of heart disease.
When some of the muscle cells in the heart die, this is known as heart disease. The cells die because they cannot get enough oxygen and glucose. It often happens because the arteries carrying blood to the muscle tissue of the heart start to get blocked up with a fatty substance and so less blood can flow through them. When this happens it is known as arteriosclerosis
(pronounced 'are-tir-ee-O-skluh-rO-sis').
The fatty substance that builds up contains a substance called cholesterol. Although cholesterol is important for the body, if there is too much in the blood it can start to cause arteriosclerosis. Many scientists agree that reducing the amount of cholesterol in the diet is a good way of reducing your chances of developing arteriosclerosis. Some scientists think that having a lot of fibre in the diet can stop the small intestine absorbing too much cholesterol. Some scientists also think that some vitamins can reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Alcohol increases the amount of cholesterol that the blood carries.
Smoking can also cause arteriosclerosis. Nicotine makes blood vessels narrower and speeds up the heart beat rate. These two factors cause a higher blood pressure which weakens the walls of the arteries and helps to cause the build up of the fatty substance on the artery walls.
Exercise is important in helping the heart to remain strong and healthy. In fact, people who do no regular exercise are three times more likely to die from heart disease than those who do.
1 a What process do the muscle cells of the heart need oxygen and glucose for?
b What can happen to the cells if they do not get enough oxygen and glucose?
c What disease can this cause?
d Why is this disease unlike many diseases?
2 Doctors have come up with a set of 'risk factors' for heart disease. These are things that can help to cause the disease. What do you think these risk factors are?
3 What advice would you give to someone who has arteriosclerosis?
4 Carbon monoxide is found in cigarette smoke. Scientists do not think that it causes arteriosclerosis but it may lead to heart disease. How does it do this? (Hint: Think about how oxygen is carried in the blood.)
Optional extra
5 Plan and carry out a survey to find out how many people are at risk of getting heart disease.
- Who will you question?
- How many people will you question?
- What questions will you ask?
- Do you need to do any more research into 'risk factors' before designing your questions?
[ literacy, knowledge, research ]
9Bc9 Medical developments
A normal hip joint.
A hip with arthritis.
A replacement hip joint.
A replacement hip joint in position.
Throughout our lives we put strain on our joints. Sometimes the bones do not move easily against each other and the ends of the bones may become damaged. If a person suffers from arthritis the problem is made even worse because the cartilage becomes worn away. The bones rub against each other, causing joint pain and stiffness.
Damage to the hip joint is quite common because it has to support a lot of weight. This can be extremely painful and walking becomes very difficult. Fortunately, a damaged hip joint can be replaced with an artificial hip. Each year many people who are unable to walk have successful operations.
A replacement hip joint has to be able to work like a real one. It needs to move smoothly, be strong enough to support the weight of the body, be lightweight and be made of materials that do not react with the body or harm the body.
Artificial joints are usually made of a plastic socket and a metal ball. Other hard-wearing materials are also being developed. The design and production of a hip joint involves many different scientists to ensure that the new hip will fit properly and that the materials used are suitable for their purpose. As new materials are developed they need to be trialled and evaluated. Also, new surgical techniques may be tried out and the success of these also needs to be evaluated and recorded.
Once in hospital a whole team of different scientists become involved in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care of the patient.
1 Michael has arthritis and has been to see his doctor who has told him that he needs a hip replacement.
a Make a list of all the medical people that you think Michael will come into contact with after he has seen the doctor.
b Make a list of all the different scientists (e.g. materials scientist) that you think will have helped make Michael's operation a success.
c When a new way of doing a hip replacement is tried, the patient is taking part in an experiment. How do you think the patient should be treated?
2 Using your list from question 1b, display the information as a flow chart. Your diagram should show the order in which scientists develop and test new ways of replacing hips.
[ literacy ]
9Bd1 Reaction times
- Metre ruler
1 Take a metre ruler and get your partner to hold it so that 0 cm is nearest the floor.
2 Place your thumb and first finger just underneath the end of the ruler, ready to catch it.
3 As soon as your partner lets go, catch the ruler using your thumb and first finger.
4 Read off the number of centimetres that the ruler fell (read the number just above the top side of your thumb).
5 Do this three times. Use the graph below to work out your reaction times.
6 Now work out a mean 'distance' and a mean 'reaction time'.
Fill in this table of your results.
Go number
Distance ruler fell (cm)
Reaction time (seconds)
[ observing ]
9Bd2 Caffeine
Does caffeine improve our reaction time?
Caffeine is a chemical that affects the body. It is found in many common drinks.
You are going to find out if caffeine makes you react more quickly.
Planning
1 Write down a method for your investigation. You will need to think about these questions:
- How will you find out if caffeine improves someone's reaction time?
- What drink will you use?
- How much of the drink will you need?
- What will you measure?
- How will you do your measuring?
- How often will you take measurements?
- Which factors will you keep the same and which will you vary?
- How will you try to make this a fair test?
- What will you do to make sure you stay safe?
Show your method to your teacher before you begin.
2 Write down a prediction. Say what you think will happen and why.
3 Make a table to record your results.
4 Draw a graph to show your results.
5 Use the graph to decide what your investigation shows you. This is your conclusion. Write it down.
6 Say if there are any measurements that do not fit the pattern. Try to explain why these measurements do not fit the pattern.
7 Does your conclusion match your prediction? If not, say how they differ.
Evaluation
8 Did you do a fair test, or were there some factors that you forgot to or could not keep the same?
9 Do you think you have enough results to support your conclusion?
10 How might you improve your experiment?
[ planning, observing, presenting, considering, evaluating ]
9Bd3 Drugs
alcohol
Ecstasy
amphetamines
heroin
barbiturates
LSD
caffeine
nicotine
cannabis
paracetamol
cocaine
penicillin
9Bd4 Improving health?
Are we healthier than our great-grandparents were?
Work in groups and discuss your views on this question.
Use textbooks, CD-ROMs and the internet for information. History resources will also be useful.
Produce arguments for and against it.
You may want to consider the following points or different groups may wish to concentrate on a different point each:
- life expectancy
- causes of illness and death
- medical developments
- lifestyle
- living conditions
- diet
- environmental health issues
- economic reasons.
Be prepared to present your views to the class.
1840s - 66 infants in every 1000 died
1900s - 46 infants in every 1000 died
1985 - 2.3 infants in every 1000 died
1930s - antibiotics introduced
1990s - improved vaccination programme
During the First World War (1914-1918), rationing of food was introduced. It actually meant that the poorest people were provided with better food than before, and more of it!
Homes for Heroes
In the 1920s and 1930s overcrowded slum areas were cleared to build better housing for war heroes and their families.
Life expectancy 1920 - 50 years
Life expectancy 1990 - 75 years
Today's health problems:
- obesity
- pollution
1920 -14% of deaths due to heart conditions
1990 - 46% of deaths due to heart conditions
- antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- food safety - BSE, GM foods
- incurable diseases e.g. AIDS.
1948 - National Health Service introduced to provide free medical care for all
9Bd5 How to stay fit and healthy
Complete the table below to explain how each factor can affect health and fitness. Include as much detail as you can. Then make recommendations for staying fit and healthy.
Factor
How it affects health and fitness
Recommendations for staying fit and healthy
exercise
smoking
diet
drugs
doctors and scientists
lifestyle
[ knowledge,literacy ]
9Bd6 Drug search
1 Find the following drugs in the wordsearch.
alcohol amphetamine caffeine cannabis cocaine
Ecstasy heroin LSD nicotine paracetamol penicillin
2 Draw a red line through all the stimulants.
3 Draw a blue line through all the depressants.
4 Draw a yellow line through the drugs that are neither stimulants nor depressants.
P
C
N
I
S
M
E
O
R
T
J
K
Z
F
H
G
L
W
D
X
Y
9Bd7 Drug crossword
Across
1 Smokers get addicted to this drug.
5 If you've got a headache you could take one of these tablets.
8 An antibiotic.
Down
2 An illegal drug that upsets the water balance in the body.
3 Don't drink too much of this or it will make you drunk!
4 This stimulant is found in coffee and cola.
6 A dangerous depressant drug made from the opium poppy.
7 Made from leaves of the coca bush. It was tried as an anaesthetic but found to damage patients' brains.
9 A very dangerous drug that makes people hallucinate.
9Bd8 The thalidomide story
In the 1950s antibiotics were very important to drugs companies. The companies were trying to develop simple, cheap techniques for making these drugs that were being widely used to treat bacterial infections.
In 1954, a German drug company was carrying out experiments and produced a new drug called thalidomide. It was not an antibiotic and in animal tests it had no anti-cancer or sedative effects. It was also non-toxic, even in high doses. The German scientists wondered if the drug might act as a sedative in humans. As it appeared to be a safe drug they decided to try it out. It worked very well, putting patients into a deep, all night sleep. They thought the drug would make them a lot of money because alternative sedatives were all toxic.
Thalidomide was released in West Germany in 1957 and in the UK and other parts of the world in 1958. It quickly became the best selling sleeping pill and was advertised as completely safe, even for pregnant women, although there was no data to support this. It was taken by thousands of pregnant women to treat morning sickness.
By 1960 a rare birth defect was appearing in Germany and in other countries. Babies were being born without arms and legs - their hands and feet were attached directly onto the body. This condition is called phocomelia. By 1962 around 12 000 thalidomide babies had been born but only 8000 survived. It was estimated that a further 12 000 embryos had been affected by the drug, but died before birth.
Doctors around the world needed to know what was causing these defects. After interviewing the mothers it was found that the common factor was that they had all taken thalidomide. Further research suggested that the drug most affected the embryo if taken between the 20th and 36th day after conception. Chemicals that cause defects in embryos are called teratogens.
Thalidomide was withdrawn from the UK market in 1962. Shortly afterwards it was revealed that high doses of thalidomide caused limb defects in the offspring of rabbits, but not in other animals. The reason for this has never been found, but it is now thought that the drug causes defects in humans by interfering with the growth and development of new blood vessels.
Thalidomide is in the news again because it is now being used for many serious illnesses. It is used to treat multiple sclerosis, AIDS and the painful inflammation caused by leprosy. It also reduces the size of some cancers. Thalidomide is being manufactured in the UK, but women are not allowed to enter the factory.
1 What do the following words mean?
a antibiotic b sedative c phocomelia d teratogen
2 Why did the German drug company expect to make a lot of money from thalidomide?
3 a What percentage of all affected embryos died before birth?
b What percentage of all affected embryos died after birth?
4 a How is thalidomide thought to cause limb defects?
b Using this information, explain how it might work to reduce the size of some cancers.
5 Why are women banned from entering thalidomide factories in the UK today?
6 How do you think thalidomide has affected the way in which drugs are tested and marketed today?
7 Find out about the regulations that govern the registration of a new drug.
[ knowledge, literacy, research, numeracy ]
9B Summary Sheets
Fit and healthy
Being fit means that your body can cope with the activities that you need to do. To stay fit you should eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, avoid smoking and avoid alcohol and drug abuse. If you follow these rules your heart will stay healthy and you will be less likely to suffer from high blood pressure and other circulatory problems like heart disease (when heart muscle cells start to die).
During exercise muscle cells need more energy. This is obtained from a sugar called glucose by the process of aerobic respiration. This is the word equation:
oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
There are several organ systems involved to allow respiration to occur in muscle cells.
- The respiratory (or breathing) system supplies the oxygen and removes the carbon dioxide.
- The digestive system provides the glucose.
- The circulatory system carries the glucose and oxygen to the muscle cells, and carries the carbon dioxide away to the lungs.
When you exercise your breathing rate (number of breaths in one minute) and your pulse rate (number of times your heart beats in one minute) increase. This is because your cells need more oxygen and glucose for respiration.
Breathing is carried out by two sets of muscles, the diaphragm and the rib muscles (found between the ribs). These change the volume of the chest. Breathing ventilates (moves air into and out of) the lungs.
Breathing in (inhalation).
Breathing out (exhalation).
- Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.
- Rib muscles contract and lift ribs up and outwards.
- The volume of the chest increases.
- Air flows into the lungs.
- Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards.
- Rib muscles relax and move ribs down and inwards.
- The volume of the chest decreases.
- Air flows out of the lungs.
Drugs are chemicals that affect how the body works. Cigarettes contain a drug called nicotine which is addictive (you feel that you cannot do without it). The chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause diseases.
Poison in cigarette smoke
Harm it causes
Makes arteries narrower, causes heart disease.
tar
Clogs up the lungs and stops the cilia working, causes cancer and bronchitis.
carbon monoxide
Stops red blood cells carrying so much oxygen.
Medicines are drugs that can help people who are suffering from diseases, e.g. antibiotics. Recreational drugs are legal drugs that people take because they like the effect that they have on their body, e.g. caffeine in coffee and alcohol. Illegal drugs include heroin and Ecstasy.
Drugs that slow down the nervous system are called depressants. Alcohol is a depressant. It alters behaviour and slows reaction time. Drugs that speed up the nervous system are called stimulants, e.g. caffeine. Misuse of any drug can be harmful especially to the liver.
A balanced diet is essential to health. It is made up of the correct amounts of the following seven food substances: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre.
A shortage of a particular substance can cause a specific deficiency disease.
Eating too much of a particular substance can also cause problems. Too much fat can cause obesity and heart disease.
Muscles move bones at joints. Muscles cannot push and so joints need pairs of muscles (antagonistic pairs) to pull in opposite directions. One muscle contracts and gets shorter and fatter, to pull a bone. At the same time the other muscle in the pair relaxes and gets longer and thinner.
Exercise strengthens bones and muscles. Too much exercise can damage muscles and joints.
The elbow joint.
9B Target Sheet
Topic
Targets
Before the unit
I have learned this
I have revised this
9Ba
Know what it means to be fit.
Know how exercise affects the pulse rate and breathing rate.
Know which organ systems work together to release energy from food.
Know how muscles release energy from food using aerobic respiration.
9Bb
Know how the lungs are adapted to their job.
Know what happens to the diaphragm and muscles when you breathe.
Know the names of some of the major poisons in cigarette smoke.
Know what is needed for healthy teeth and bones.
9Bc
Know how to stay fit and healthy.
Know what heart disease is.
Know the effects of alcohol abuse.
Know how joints and muscles allow movement.
9Bd
Know what drugs and medicines are.
Know about other drugs and alcohol and their dangers.
Know what stimulants and depressants are.
Know how different drugs can harm the body.
9B Word Sheets
Word sheets that include new words from the 'Focus on:' pages are available on the Exploring Science website.
9Ba - Fighting fit
Word
Pronunciation
Meaning
aerobic respiration
air-rO-bick
Process that releases energy from food. Needs oxygen from the air. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas.
breathing rate
The number of times that you breathe in and out in one minute.
circulatory system
System containing the heart and blood vessels.
digestive system
The group of organs that carries out digestion.
fitness
If you are able to do all the things that your lifestyle needs you to do, you are fit.
heart beat rate
The number of times your heart beats in one minute.
organ systems
Collection of organs working together to do an important job.
respiratory system
Made up of the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Gets oxygen into the blood and takes carbon dioxide out of the body.
S-factors
Four factors that describe how fit you are: suppleness, strength, stamina and speed.
speed
How quickly your body can do an activity.
stamina
How long your body can exercise for.
strength
How strong your body is.
suppleness
How easily your body can bend and twist.
9Bb - A breath of fresh air/A smoking problem/Food to go
addictive
If something makes you feel that you need to have it, it is said to be addictive.
air sacs
Pockets in the lungs where oxygen diffuses out of the air and goes into the blood. Carbon dioxide also diffuses from the blood to the air in these.
alveoli
Pockets in the lungs where oxygen comes out of the air and goes into the blood. Carbon dioxide is also transferred from the blood to the air in alveoli. (Singular = alveolus.)
balanced diet
Eating a variety of foods to provide all the things the body needs.
breathing
Moving muscles to make air flow into and out of the lungs.
cilia
sil-lee-a
Small hairs growing from some cells. They wave to move mucus up and out of the trachea to be swallowed.
ciliated epithelial cells
sil-lee-ay-ted
eppy-theel-ee-al
Cells in the trachea which have microscopic hairs (cilia) growing from them.
deficiency disease
Disease caused by not having enough of something in your diet.
diaphragm
dye-a-fram
Sheet of muscle underneath the lungs. It helps to work the lungs during breathing.
exhalation
Breathing out.
gas exchange
Process where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood. It happens in the alveoli.
Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying blood to the muscles of the heart. The heart does not receive enough oxygen and some of the cells die.
high blood pressure
When the pressure of blood in the blood vessels gets too high.
inhalation
Breathing in.
9Bb - A breath of fresh air/A smoking problem/Food to go (continued)
kwashiorkor
kwa-she-or-ker
Deficiency disease caused by a lack of protein.
mucus
Slimy substance moved out of the lungs by cilia or found in the digestive system.
nick-O-teen
Poisonous, addictive drug found in cigarettes.
nutrient
Substance needed in your diet to keep you healthy.
obese
Someone who is very heavy for their size is said to be obese.
obesity
The condition when someone is obese.
premature baby
A small baby born early.
A poisonous, black, sticky substance found in cigarette smoke.
ventilation
The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
9Bc - Mixing your drinks/Healthy choices
antagonistic pair
ant-tag-on-iss-tick
Two muscles that work a joint by pulling in opposite directions, e.g. biceps and triceps.
arteriosclerosis
are-tir-ee-O-skluh-rO-sis
Thickening and hardning of artery walls. May be due to a build up of a fatty substance inside the arteries.
contract
Get smaller.
depressant
Drug that decreases the speed at which nerves carry impulses, e.g. alcohol.
drug
Substance that affects the way your body works.
heart attack
When the heart stops pumping.
impulse
Electrical signal carried by a nerve cell.
relax
When a muscle stops contracting it relaxes.
tendon
Tissue connecting a bone to a muscle.
9Bd - Drugs and the body
caff-een
A stimulant that increases the speed at which nerves carry impulses. Found in coffee, tea and cola drinks.
cO-cane
Very powerful and harmful stimulant that causes blocked arteries and mental problems.
ecstasy
A stimulant that can cause depression, mental illness and even death.
A very dangerous depressant drug. Causes vomiting and severe headaches.
marijuana
ma-roo-arn-a
A depressant which can cause memory loss.
medicine
med-iss-in
A drug that helps the body to ease the symptoms of a disease or cure the disease.
recreational drug
reck-ree-ay-shun-al
A drug that is legal. Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are all recreational drugs.
side-effect
Harmful or unpleasant effects caused by drugs.
solvent abuse
Sniffing solvents used in glue and other things.
stimulant
stim-you-lant
Drug that increases the speed at which nerves carry messages, e.g. caffeine.